18th-Century

Anthropology

Georges de Buffon (1707-1788)

Georges Buffon, "Variétés dans l’espèce humaine," Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roy (Paris: L'Imprimerie royale, 1749), t. 3, pp. 371-530.

Georges Buffon, "Of the Varieties in the Human Species," Barr's Buffon. Buffon's Natural History Containing A Theory Of The Earth, A General History Of Man, Of The Brute Creation, And Of Vegetables, Minerals, Etc. (London: T. Gillet, 1807), vol. 4 (of 10), pp. 190-352. Transcribed by Miriam C. Meijer. Translated by BARR.

pp. 190-209

Lapps

pp. 210-229

Tartars

pp. 230-249

Chinese

pp. 250-269

Malays

pp. 270-289

Persians

pp. 290-309

Europeans

pp. 310-329

Africans

pp. 330-352

Americans

Buffon's hypothesis

and conclusions

Georges Buffon, "Of the Varieties of the Human Species," Natural History: General and Particular (8 volumes, 1781). Transcribed by Fran Moran. Translated by William SMELLIE.

Georges Buffon, Discours sur le style. Discours prononcé; à l'acadèmie française par M. de Buffon le jour de sa reception le 25 aôut 1753.

Petrus Camper (1722-1789)

Petrus Camper's "On the Origin and Color of Blacks," De Rhapsodist 2 (1772): 373-394. Translated by Miriam Claude MEIJER. "Petrus Camper on the Origin and Color of Blacks," History of Anthropology Newsletter 24 (December 1997): 3-9.

"Zusatz zu der vorhergehenden Abhandlung aus einem Schreiben an die Naturforschende Gesellschaft von Petrus Camper," Schriften der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 7 (1787): 197-226. "On the Absurdity of the Supposed Unicorns." Supplement to the Preceding Treatise from a Letter to the Naturforschende Gesellschaft from Petrus Camper. Translated by Miriam Claude MEIJER.

Petrus Camper, "On the Best Form of Shoe," translated from Dutch into English by James Dowie, The Foot and Its Covering (London: Hardwicke, 1861): xxvii-44.

Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton (1716-1800)

L.-J.-M. Daubenton, "Essay on the Differences of the Position of the Occipital Foramen in Man and in Animals," Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique (Paris) (1764): 568-579. Translated by Miriam Claude MEIJER.

Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709-1751)

J. O. de La Mettrie, Man a Machine (1748). Translation in Man a Machine (La Salle, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Co., 1912).

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

Discours sur l'Origine et les Fondements de l'Inégalité parmi les Hommes l'édition de 1755.

A Discourse Upon The Origin and Foundation of the Inequality Among Mankind 1761 anonymously-translated English publication preserved all of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's original footnotes.

Secondary Sources

Zemplén Áron Gábor, Goethean Science–Recent Topoi of Goethe Scholarship

Timothy Mason, History of Anthropology

Glossary of 18th-century anthropological concepts

Miriam Claude Meijer, Misunderstanding Natives in the Seventeenth Century

Ashton Nichols, A Romantic Natural History

Nell Irvin Painter, Why White People Are Called "Caucasians"

Michael Sappol, Dream Anatomy Exhibit

Claire Sherman, Writing on Hands: Memory and Knowledge in Early Modern Europe

Ross Woodrow, Lavater and the Drawing Manual

Internet Modern History Sourcebook

Eighteenth-Century Resources

C18-L

Eighteenth-Century Resources — Science & Mathematics

This page, edited by Jack Lynch of Rutgers – Newark, is part of the larger collection of Eighteenth-Century Resources on the Net.

Science and Mathematics

Resources on the history of science are growing, but few focus specifically on the eighteenth century. Most of the sources below are well organized, though, and will lead you to relevant material quickly.

General Resources

ECHO Science and Technology Virtual Center (GMU)

A large archive of Web resources on the history of science, replacing the old Wide Web Virtual Library: History of Science, Technology, and Medicine. Not specific to the eighteenth century, but a good place to start for Web research on the history of science.

Eric's Treasure Trove of Scientific Biography (Virginia)

Brief biographical sketches for hundreds of scientists and mathematicians, including some portraits. Requires frames.

Jesuits and the Sciences: 1540-1995 (Loyola Univ. of Chicago)

Information on Jesuit contributions to the sciences, including images and some rare E-texts. Arranged chronologically.

Pre-History of Cognitive Science Web (Carl Stahmer, UCSB)

A thoroughly annotated bibliography on 17th-, 18th-, and 19th-c. models of human cognition. Only a few figures are represented so far.

Evolution: Theory and History (Rob and David Polly, Berkeley)

Extensive site on evolutionary theory, with brief accounts of many 18th-c. figures, including Hooke, Buffon, Linnaeus, Erasmus Darwin, Lamarck, Malthus, and Cuvier.

The Euler Archive (Ed Sandifer, Connecticut State)

Information on and selections from texts by Leonhard Euler (1707-1783).

Science in the 19th Century Periodical

"A searchable electronic index to the science content of sixteen nineteenth-century general periodicals." More than 7,500 articles.

Mathematics

History of Mathematics (University of St. Andrews)

Extensive general site on the history of maths. Includes brief discussions of hundreds of mathematicians, bibliographies, and timelines.

Mathematicians of the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries (Trinity College Dublin)

Short accounts of a few dozen mathematicians, taken from W. W. Rouse Ball, A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4th Edition, 1908).

History of Mathematics (Clark)

Briefly annotated list of other Web resources.

George Berkeley (1685-1753) (David R. Wilkins, Trinity College Dublin)

Biography, bibliography, original essays, and links on Berkeley, as part of a history of mathematics archive. Very impressive.

Medicine

Yale Medical Library: Historical Library

Information on the collection, along with some bibliographies of important sources.

History of Medicine Division, NLM

Includes 60,000 images, some from the eighteenth century. Some are freely available; for others, only bad thumbnails are available.

History of Medicine Library (Wellcome Trust)

A catalogue of hundreds of repositories of manuscripts on the history of medicine from 1600 to 1945 in the London area.

Scientific Instruments

Museum of Physics Department (Naples)

Includes an exhibition on early scientific instruments. In English and Italian.

Individual Scientists

Leonhard Euler

The Euler Archive (Dominic Klyve and Lee Stemkoski, Dartmouth)

A very extensive and impressive archive of PDF files of Euler's original publications. Thoroughly scholarly, and not for beginners.

Galileo

The Galileo Project (Rice)

Extensive hypertext site on Galileo's life and works, with chronologies, a bibliography, links, and images and descriptions of places and scientific instruments.

Albrecht von Haller

Berner Haller-Projekt

Biographical data on Albrecht von Haller, 1708-77, and information on the project to publish his works. In English and German.

Julien Offray de La Mettrie

Julien Offray de La Mettrie (Wisconsin)

Very brief page on La Mettrie, with the text of L'Homme machine (in English) and a brief bibliography.

Lavater

Digital Lavater (Ross Woodrow, Univ. of Newcastle)

An impressive digital edition of Lavater's Physiognomy (in English translation), richly illustrated. Very impressive.

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier

Lavoisier's Friends (France)

Extensive information on Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier, including a images, reviews, and a large bibliography. English and French. Requires frames.

Carolus Linnaeus

The Linnaean Correspondence (Bengt Jonsell, c18)

A large scholarly archive of Linnaeus's correspondence, with extensive background information. Texts are in the original languages.

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) (David McNeil)

Index of Web resources, including pointers to library catalogues.

Isaac Newton

The Newton Project (Cambridge)

An invaluable collection of transcriptions of Newton's theological and alchemical manuscripts. A complete on-line edition of Newton's works is an eventual aim. O si sic omnes!

Sir Isaac Newton (Andrew McNab)

"The virtual museum of Sir Isaac Newton and the history of science." Includes a bibliography, chronology, biographical notes, quotations, anecdotes, and links. Unscholarly, but worthy.

See also Philosophy.

Eighteenth-Century Resources — Philosophy

This page, edited by Jack Lynch of Rutgers – Newark, is part of the larger collection of Eighteenth-Century Resources on the Net.

Philosophy

General Philosophy Resources

Calls for Papers in Philosophy (Lorenzo Cuna, Italy)

A current list.

Philosopher's Guide (Bjorn Christensson, Aachen)

An impressive site, including information on Berkeley, Hobbes, Hume, Kant, Leibniz, Locke, and Rousseau. Capsule biographies and links to other Internet philosophy sites and E-texts.

17th & 18th Century Women Philosophers (Peter Suber, Earlham College)

Bibliographies and brief notes on Mary Astell, Catherine Macaulay, Judith Sargent Murray, Mary Wollstonecraft, and others. No annotations.

Great Voyages: The History of Western Philosophy, 1492 to 1776 (Bill Uzgalis, Oregon State)

"This web site is intended for anyone interested in the stars and marvels of the history of philosophy from the 16th through the 18th century." Timelines, brief discussions of philosophers (Arnauld, Pascal, Malebranche, Bayle, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Chatelet-Laumont, Rousseau, Hobbes, Cavendish, Conway, Locke, Masham, Astell, Cockburne, Berkeley, Hume, Wollstonecraft, Spinoza, Leibniz, Kant).

Philosophy Pages (Garth Kemerling)

A good philosophy meta-page, with a timeline to point to many 18th-c. philosophers, including Boyle, Fermat, Pascal, Malebranche, Spinoza, Bayle, Locke, Shaftesbury, Toland, Berkeley, Vico, Mandeville, Hume, Hartley, La Mettrie, Montesquieu, Condillac, Voltaire, Rousseau, d'Alembert, d'Holbach, Burke, Godwin, Wollstonecraft, Lessing, Kant, Schiller, Staël, Fichte, Gauss, Malthus, Smith, Schelegel, and Hegel. Short biographies, very select bibliographies (including mentions of standard editions), and selected Internet sites.

La Lettre Clandestine

Newsletter on the eighteenth-century philosophes, in French.

Clandestine E-Texts (Gianluca Mori)

Library of electronic philosophical texts by Voltaire, Fontenelle, and others.

Images of 17th- and 18th-century philosophers (Ron Bombardi, Middle Tennessee State Univ.)

A few low-resolution portraits; part of Studia Spinoziana (below).

Le problème du fatalisme au siècle des Lumières (Christophe Paillard, Université Jean Moulin-Lyon 3)

Selections from a scholarly research project on fatalism in 18th-c. French literature.

Pathways to Philosophy Distance Learning Program

A portal site, rich in links to philosophical sites.

Early Modern Texts (Jonathan F. Bennett)

PDF files of the works of early modern philosophers, parapharsed for clarity, with interspersed commentary. Handy for newcomers to early modern philosophy.

The Mind is a Metaphor: A Database of Eighteenth-Century Metaphors of Mind (Brad Pasanek)

A searchable database of thousands of metaphors used to describe the mind in 18th-c. philosophy.

Philosophers

Pierre Bayle

The Pierre Bayle Home Page (Gianluca Mori, Italy)

A good overview of Bayle's life and works. Includes primary and secondary bibliographies, a capsule biography, and a monochrome portrait (GIF). In English, French, and Italian.

Pierre Bayle Instituut (Netherlands)

Information on the Institute, including a brief biography of Bayle and the members of the Institute, including their publications. In Dutch, with selected pages in English and French.

Jeremy Bentham

Jeremy's Labyrinth: A Bentham Hypertext (Texas)

A "hyper-text made up out of portions of Bentham's work, together with lecture notes on Bentham."

George Berkeley

International Berkeley Society

Information on the Society, with links to other sites on George Berkeley.

George Berkeley (1685-1753) (David R. Wilkins, Trinity College Dublin)

Biography, bibliography, original essays, and links on Berkeley, as part of a history of mathematics archive. Very impressive.

The Berkeley Newsletter (Bertil Belfrage)

Information on the newly reconstituted newsletter, with issues on-line.

William Godwin

William Godwin (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

Long and informative encyclopedia entry, including a very fine bibliography.

Godwin Archive (Anarchy Archives)

Useful for several biographical sketches, a chronology, primary and secondary bibliographies, E-texts (including the whole text of William Godwin: His Friends and Contemporaries), and images.

David Hume

The Hume Society

Information on the society, including calls for papers.

A Bibliography of Hume's Writings and Early Responses (James Fieser, Thommes Press)

A monograph-length bibliography (in Adobe .PDF format) of Hume's works, both in early editions and in modern scholarly editions, along with hundreds of roughly contemporary reactions. Extraordinarily scholarly.

Ty's David Hume Homepage (D. Tycerium Lightner)

Overview of Hume resources on the Web, along with links to in-print books by and about Hume at amazon.com. Like all Geocities sites, irritatingly commercial.

Immanuel Kant

Kant on the Web (Stephen Palmquist, Hong Kong)

Electronic texts (in German and English), on-line criticism, links, lexical aids, and images. Very well done.

John Locke

John Locke Bibliography Home Page (John C. Attig, Penn State)

Impressive and extensive bibliography of secondary works on Locke, complementing The Locke Newsletter.

Joseph de Maistre

Joseph de Maistre Homepage (Richard LeBrun, St. Paul's College, Univ. of Manitoba)

"A repository of electronic texts by and about the Counter-Enlightenment theorist and writer." Brief biography, bibliographies, and E-texts. Impressive.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean Jacques Rousseau Association (Wabash)

Brief biography, primary bibliography, portraits, music (RealAudio), and links.

Baruch (or Benedict) Spinoza

Studia Spinoziana (Ron Bombardi, MTSU)

E-texts and links to other relevant Internet sites.

A Dedication to Spinoza's Insights (Joseph B. Yesselman)

A curious meditation on Spinoza's works, with commentaries and some texts.

François Vincent Toussaint

François Vincent Toussaint, Author of Les Mœurs (1748)

Includes a thorough bibliography of editions of the important work of philosophy.

I. P. V. Troxler

Troxlerforum (Hans U. Iselin)

"A privately owned and administered website dedicated exclusively to the study of the work of the Swiss philosopher and physician I. P. V. Troxler (1780-1866)." An extensive resource.

Voltaire

Voltaire Foundation (Oxford)

Extensive information on the Foundation and its publications and events.

The Voltaire Society of America (Chicago)

Information on the Society.

Voltaire philosophe

An impressive site on Voltaire's life and works. A good place to start.

Voltaire's Page (F. DeVenuto)

Biography, a few short essays, and several E-texts. Unscholarly but handy.

See also Literature and Religion & Theology.

Eighteenth-Century Resources — Religion & Theology

This page, edited by Jack Lynch of Rutgers – Newark, is part of the larger collection of Eighteenth-Century Resources on the Net.

Religion and Theology

Apart from electronic texts by individual theologians (see, e.g., Law), there's little on the Net right now. See also Philosophy.

English Literature & Religion (William S. Peterson, Univ. of Maryland)

Organized around a huge bibliography (in Adobe Acrobat format), cataloguing over 6,000 items on the history of religion, particularly strong on 17th- and 19th-c. Anglicanism. Shorter bibliographies on topics (the English Bible, the Book of Common Prayer), movements (Puritanism, mysticism), and people (Andrewes, Milton, Hooker, Tennyson, C. S. Lewis) are also available.

Lay Religious Beliefs: The Spiritual Testimonies of Early Eighteenth-Century Presbyterian Communicants (David L. Wykes)

A scholarly essay.

Religion, Society and Culture in Newfoundland and Labrador (Hans Rollmann, Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland)

Extensive and well-designed archive of information on religion in northeastern Canada, including in the eighteenth century. Contains E-texts, links, images, and essays. Includes a search engine for the site. Graphics-heavy.

California Mission Studies Association

Includes some 18th-c. missions. Information on the Association, many well-annotated links, articles, a glossry, and a list of CMSA publications.

The Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Project (Dartmouth)

Extensive and scholarly project on the Mexican nun and scholar.

Jonathan Edwards Page (Mark Trigsted)

The emphasis is faith-based rather than scholarly, but the site contains some useful resources.

The Clergy of the Church of England Database 1540-1835

An in-progress database of Anglican clergy.

Methodism

Methodist Archives and Research Centre (John Rylands Library)

Information on the Archives, E-texts, images, and links.

John Wesley: Holiness of Heart and Life (Charles Yrigoyen, Jr.)

Information on Wesley, aimed especially at the devout.

A Wesley Biography (Kenneth J. Collins, Asbury Theological Seminary)

Extensive bibliography of primary and secondary work in PDF format. No annotations.

Women and Wesley's Times

Essay and links on women in the early Methodist church.

Quakerism

Quaker History

Links (in a general site on Quakerism) to sites on the history of the Society of Friends.

The Quaker Writings Home Page (QWHP) (Peter Sippel)

Many dozens of primary texts, mostly short, by Margaret Fell, George Fox, William Penn, and others, with some secondary essays as well.

Canadian Friends Historical Association

Information on Canadian Quakers, including in the eighteenth century.

Judaism and Chassidism

Hasidism Overview (Eliezer Segal, Univ. of Calgary)

Includes information on Israel ben Eliezer, the Ba'al Shem Tov.

Rabbenu's Seforim

"An experimental site that cross-references the works of Rabbenu, Rebbe Nachman of Breslov, and related Chassidic and Scriptural online texts" (much of it in Hebrew).

Breslov Bulletin Board

"A general forum for sharing announcements and insights about Rebbe Nachman and Breslov Chassidus."

Nishmas Chayim — Torah, Chassidut and Jewish Spirituality (Israel)

Includes valuable background information on the Ba'al Shem Tov and early Chasidism.

Swedenborg

Swedenborg Foundation

Information for the faithful; includes essays on his life, writings, and theology. Graphics- and Java-heavy.

The Gist of Swedenborg (ed. Julian K. Smyth and William F. Wunsch)

An introduction to Swedenborg's philosophy.

Weblinks [Bearbeiten]

    ▪    Plattform Anthropologie - Datenbank deutschsprachiger anthropologischer Forschung

    ▪    Einführung in die Philosophische Anthropologie von Rafael Capurro

    ▪    Philosophische Anthropologie (Einführung, Literatur, Links)

    ▪    Philosophische Anthropologie. Rekonstruktion ihrer diagnostischen Kraft von Joachim Fischer

    ▪    Ludwig Boltzmann Institut für Historische Anthropologie

    ▪    Englische Seite zum Thema Anthropologie Uni London

    ▪    Max Planck Institut für evolutionäre Anthropologie

    ▪    Aktuelle Literatur zur philosophischen Anthropologie

    ▪    Vorlesung Philosophische Anthropologie von Lutz Geldsetzer